3.1 Architecture 3.2 Natural features 3.3 Environmental record 4 Organization and admini

d with providing both "classical" and "practical" education for the state's people.[8][9] Berkeley co-manages three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories, including the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy.
Berkeley faculty, alumni, and researchers have won 72 Nobel Prizes (including 28 alumni Nobel laureates), 9 Wolf Prizes, 7 Fields Medals, 15 Turing Awards, 45 MacArthur Fellowships,[10] 20 Academy Awards, and 11 Pulitzer Prizes. To date, UC Berkeley and its researchers are associated with 6 chemical elements of the periodic table (californium, seaborgium, berkelium, einsteinium, fermium, lawrencium) and Berkeley Lab has discovered 16 chemical elements in total – more than any other university in the world.[11] Berkeley is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and continues to have very high research activity with $652.4 million in research and development expenditures in 2009.[12][13] Berkeley physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic bomb in the world, which he personally headquartered at Los Alamos, New Mexico, during World War II. Faculty member Edward Teller was (together with Stanislaw Ulam) the "father of the hydrogen bomb". Known as the California Golden Bears (often shortened to "Cal Bears" or just "Cal"), the athletic teams are members of both the Pacific-12 Conference and the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation in the NCAA.
Contents  [hide]
1 History
2 Academics
2.1 Undergraduate programs
2.2 Graduate and professional programs
2.3 Faculty and research
2.4 Rankings and reputation
3 Campus
3.1 Architecture
3.2 Natural features
3.3 Environmental record
4 Organization and administration
4.1 University finances
4.1.1 Financial aid and scholarship programs
4.2 Student body
4.3 Library system
5 Student life and traditions
5.1 Student housing
5.1.1 University housing
5.1.2 Cooperative housing
5.1.3 Fraternities and sororities
5.2 Student-run organizations
5.2.1 Student government
5.2.2 Communications media
5.2.3 Student groups
5.3 Athletics
5.3.1 California – Stanford rivalry
5.3.2 National championships
6 Notable alumni, faculty, and staff
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading and viewing
10 External links

s 178 acres (72 ha)[3] Total land owned 6,679 acres (2,703 ha)[4] Nobel Laureates 72[5] Colors Yale Blue California Gold Athletics 27 Varsity Teams

Oxford University is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford". As of 1989, 533 Oxford-based novels had been identified, and the number continues to rise.[167] Famous literary works range from Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh, to the trilogy His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman, which features an alternate-reality version of the University.
See alsoUniversity of California, Berkeley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
University of California, Berkeley
University of California Berkeley seal.svg
Seal of U.C. Berkeley
Motto    Fiat lux (Latin)
Motto in English    Let there be light
Established    March 23, 1868
Type    Flagship
Public
Endowment    $3.03 billion[1]
Chancellor    Nicholas Dirks
Students    35,899 (Fall 2012)
Undergraduates    25,574 (Fall 2012)[2]
Postgraduates    10,125 (Fall 2012)[2]
Location    Berkeley, California, United States
Campus   
Urban
Total 1,232 acres (499 ha) Core Campus 178 acres (72 ha)[3]
Total land owned 6,679 acres (2,703 ha)[4]
Nobel Laureates    72[5]
Colors         Yale Blue
     California Gold
Athletics    27 Varsity Teams
NCAA Division I
California Golden Bears
Nickname    Golden Bears
Mascot    Oski the Bear
Affiliations    AAU
IARU
Pacific-12
University of California
Website    Berkeley.edu
Berkeley Horizontal Logo.PNG
The University of California, Berkeley (also referred to as UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, or simply Cal), is a public research university located in Berkeley, California, United States. The university occupies 1,232 acres (499 ha) on the eastern side of the San Francisco Bay with the central campus resting on 178 acres (72 ha).[6] Berkeley is the flagship institution of the 10 campus University of California system and one of only two UC campuses operating on a semester calendar, the other being UC Merced.
Established in 1868 as the result of the merger of the private College of California and the public Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in Oakland, Berkeley is the oldest institution in the UC system and offers approximately 350 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines.[7] Berkeley has been charge

founder of Methodism, John Wesley, studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of Lincoln College.[161] Other religious figures were Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and Shoghi Effendi, one of the appointed leaders of the Baha'i faith. Economics and philos

ept of photons; and Erwin Schrödinger who formulated the Schrödinger equation and the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.
Literature, music, and drama[edit]
The long list of writers associated with Oxford includes John Fowles, Theodor Geisel, Thomas Middleton, Samuel Johnson, Robert Graves, Evelyn Waugh,[136] Lewis Carroll,[137] Aldous Huxley,[138] Oscar Wilde,[139] C. S. Lewis,[140] J. R. R. Tolkien,[141] Graham Greene,[142] V.S.Naipaul, Philip Pullman,[20] Joseph Heller,[143] Vikram Seth,[20] the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley,[144] John Donne,[145] A. E. Housman,[146] W. H. Auden,[147] T. S. Eliot, Wendy Perriam and Philip Larkin,[148] and seven poets laureate: Thomas Warton,[149] Henry James Pye,[150] Robert Southey,[151] Robert Bridges,[152] Cecil Day-Lewis,[153] Sir John Betjeman,[154] and Andrew Motion.[155]
Composers Hubert Parry, George Butterworth, John Taverner, William Walton, James Whitbourn and Andrew Lloyd Webber have all been involved with the university.
Actors Hugh Grant,[156] Kate Beckinsale,[156] Dudley Moore,[157] Michael Palin,[20] and Terry Jones[158] were undergraduates at the University, as were Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck[20] and filmmakers Ken Loach[159] and Richard Curtis.
Religion[edit]
Oxford has also produced at least 12 saints, and 20 Archbishops of Canterbury, the most recent being Rowan Williams, who studied at Wadham College and was later a Canon Professor at Christ Church.[20][160] Religious reformer John Wycliffe was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of Balliol College. John Colet, Christian humanist, Dean of St Paul's, and friend of Erasmus, studied at Magdalen College. Theophy[edit]
Economists Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, E. F. Schumacher, and Amartya Sen all spent time at Oxford.
Oxford's philosophical tradition started in the medieval era, with Robert Grosseteste[162] and William of Ockham,[162] commonly known for Occam's razor, among those teaching at the university. Thomas Hobbes,[163][164] Jeremy Bentham and the empiricist John Locke received degrees from Oxford. Though the latter's main works were written after leaving Oxford, Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university.[162]
Philosophy returned in the 20th and 21st century. Figures include Gilbert Ryle,[162] author of the influential The Concept of Mind, who spent his entire philosophical career at the university. Another is Derek Parfit, who specialises in personal identity and related matters. Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include A. J. Ayer[162] and Thomas Nagel, known for his essay "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?". John Searle, presenter of the Chinese room thought experiment, studied and began his academic career at the university.[165]
Sport[edit]
Some 50 Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including Sir Matthew Pinsent, quadruple gold-medallist rower.[20][166] Other sporting connections include Imran Khan.[20]
Oxford in literature and other media[edit]

Main article: University of Oxford in popular culture

. These evenings involve 'crews' (often one of each gender, hence the name) going for an meal and consuming much alcohol, before heading to a nightclub.[112] OUSU and Common Rooms[edit] The Oxford Univer

Rowing at Summer Eights, an annual intercollegiate bumps race
Sport is played between collegiate teams, in tournaments known as cuppers (the term is also used for some non-sporting competitions). In addition to these there are higher standard university wide groups. Significant focus is given to annual varsity matches played against Cambridge, the most famous of which is The Boat Race, watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers. This outside interest reflects the importance of rowing to many of those within the university. Much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas: Christ Church Regatta, Torpids and Summer Eights. A blue is an award given to those who compete at the University team level in certain sports. As well as traditional sports, there are teams for activities such as Octopush and Quidditch.
There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent Cherwell and OUSU's The Oxford Student. Other publications include the Isis magazine, The Owl Journal, the satirical Oxymoron, and the graduate Oxonian Review. The student radio station is Oxide Radio. Most colleges have chapel choirs. Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at collegiate level and as university-wide groups. Unlike most other collegiate societies, musical ensembles actively encourage players from other colleges.


The Oxford Union's debating chamber.
Most academic areas have student societies of some form which are open to all students, regardless of course, for example the Scientific Society. There are groups for almost all faiths, political parties, countries and cultures.
The Oxford Union (not to be confused with the Oxford University Student Union) hosts weekly debates and high profile speakers. There have historically been elite invite-only societies such as the Bullingdon Club.
Sports teams, but also other societies and groups constructed especially for the purpose, often take part in crewdates. These evenings involve 'crews' (often one of each gender, hence the name) going for an meal and consuming much alcohol, before heading to a nightclub.[112]
OUSU and Common Rooms[edit]
The Oxford University Student Union, better known by its acronym OUSU, exists to represent students in the University's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students. The OUSU Executive Committee includes six full-time salaried sabbatical officers, who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations.
Due to the importance of collegiate life, for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars). (It is worth noting that JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members, as well as the student bodies.) Not all colleges use this JCR/MCR structure, for example Wadham College's entire student population is represented by a combined "Students' Union" and purely graduate colleges have different arrangements.
Notable alumni and academics[edit]

Main article: List of University of Oxford people
Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. Forty-seven Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.[20]
Alumni range from T. E. Lawrence, British Army of

st President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar).[20][126] Arthur Mutambara (Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe), was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991. Festus

ficer known better as Lawrence of Arabia[113] to the explorer, courtier, and man of letters, Sir Walter Raleigh, (who attended Oriel College but left without taking a degree);[114] and the Australian media mogul, Rupert Murdoch.[115]
More information on famous senior and junior members of the University can be found in the individual college articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate, and/or member of staff.
Politics[edit]
26 British prime ministers have attended Oxford, including William Gladstone, Herbert Asquith, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair[20] and most recently David Cameron.[116] Of all the post-war Prime Ministers, only one was educated at a university other than Oxford.[117]
Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the House of Commons in 2010.[118] This includes current Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, and numerous members of the cabinet and shadow cabinet. Additionally, over 140 Oxonians sit in the House of Lords.[20]
At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.[20] This number includes Harald V of Norway,[119] Abdullah II of Jordan,[20] four Prime Ministers of Australia (John Gorton, Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke, and Tony Abbott)[120][121][122] two Prime Ministers of Canada (Lester B. Pearson and John Turner),[20][123] two Prime Ministers of India (Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi (although she did not finish her degree)),[20][124] five Prime Ministers of Pakistan (Liaquat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, and Benazir Bhutto),[20] S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (former Prime Minister of Ceylon), Norman Washington Manley of Jamaica,[125] Eric Williams (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), Álvaro Uribe (Colombia's former President), Abhisit Vejjajiva (former Prime Minister of Thailand) and Bill Clinton (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar).[20][126] Arthur Mutambara (Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe), was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991. Festus Mogae (former president of Botswana) was a student at University College. The Burmese democracy activist and Nobel laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi, was a student of St. Hugh's College.[127]
Mathematics and sciences[edit]
Three Oxford mathematicians, Michael Atiyah, Daniel Quillen and Simon Donaldson, have won Fields Medals, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics". Andrew Wiles, who proved Fermat's Last Theorem, was educated at Oxford and is currently a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford. Marcus du Sautoy and Roger Penrose are both currently mathematics professors. Stephen Wolfram, chief designer of Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha studied at the university, along with Tim Berners-Lee,[20] inventor of the World Wide Web,[128]Edgar F. Codd, inventor of the relational model of data,[129] and Tony Hoare, programming languages pioneer and inventor of Quicksort.
The University is associated with eleven winners of the Nobel Prize in chemistry, five in physics and sixteen in medicine.[130]
Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist Dorothy Hodgkin who received her Nobel Prize for "determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".[131] Both Richard Dawkins [132] and Frederick Soddy [133] studied at the university and returned for research purposes. Robert Hooke,[20] Edwin Hubble,[20] and Stephen Hawking[20] all studied in Oxford.
Robert Boyle, a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city in order to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.[134] Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include Albert Einstein[135] developer of general theory of relativity and the conc

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